Diversion In Criminal Justice System - Courts And Police Department

Question: The ending or suspension before conviction of formal criminal procedures against an individual, molded on some type of counter execution by the respondent (George, 1984). There are a few purposes behind the utilization of preoccupation: List 3 reasons with a clarification for the utilization of redirection, and talk about why it is gainful to the criminal equity framework. Likewise clarify how the utilization of preoccupation would affect law requirement. Is preoccupation financially savvy? Answer: Preoccupation in the criminal equity framework: Preoccupation is a sort of program remembered for the criminal equity framework, wherein the hoodlums acknowledge the obligation regarding the commission of wrongdoing, attempt to change the demonstrations done by them and in which a mending procedure is started in which crooks carry out to participate in return for the end of the criminal procedures against them ( Editorial: Justice framework must address itself after redirection fiasco, 2011). The point of redirection framework is to make the criminal well behaved residents and keep them from re-affronting. There are three significant explanations behind the presentation of this framework. To begin with, to occupy the adolescent wrongdoers from the criminal procedures to some great exercises of and under the network. In preoccupation, the guilty parties are locked in into some type of social help exercises with the goal that their brain can be changed from criminal purpose to an honorable goal (Jehle, J, 2008). Second, to alleviate the courts and police office from the weight of cases for frivolous offenses and to safeguard them for progressively genuine wrongdoings, where there are no different options accessible. Third, to give a wellspring of compensation to the people in question and the network and furthermore to shield the young from the shame of criminal and to understand the insignificant cases outside the courts quite far. The fundamental reason for the redirection framework is keeping away from the conventional time taking criminal procedures and settlement by outside offices in order to cause the wrongdoers to dispose of criminal allegations and criminal record. It is progressively advantageous to the criminal equity framework when contrasted with the typical procedures (Jehle, J., Wade, M., Elsner, B., 2008). The fundamental purpose for it is that the shame of the criminal record like capture, preliminary and afterward conviction can really prompt the support of the criminal exp ectation and conduct. In addition, the costs of preoccupation framework are a lot lesser than that of the customary ordinary criminal procedures and are likewise less unpredictable and with lesser conventions. It ends up being eventually increasingly compelling for the general public everywhere, in light of the fact that in certain effective cases the hoodlums get changed over to great murmur creatures, which is once in a while conceivable through discipline in normal criminal procedures. Thirdly, the guilty party builds up a propensity for doing great while finishing the state of participating in the program requested. Preoccupation helps in the law requirement in a viable and valuable manner. The guilty parties are under the management of the post trial supervisor, who screens each action of the wrongdoer and causes him to submit to law at each progression during the program (Landau, 2004). If there should arise an occurrence of disappointment of the program, overwhelming punishme nt is forced and in the event of genuine disappointment of the program, where the wrongdoer doesn't collaborate according to the contingent request, ordinary criminal procedures are started against the guilty party. Fundamentally, it tends to be said that the preoccupation framework is less perplexing, quicker and progressively successful, as it endeavors to annihilate the wrongdoing from the root, by changing the brain of the guilty party, which is the primary driver of any wrongdoing and makes sure about the eventual fate of the general public. References: Article: Justice framework must address itself after preoccupation fiasco. (2011, Dec 18).McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Jehle, J., Lewis, C., Sobota, P. (2008). Managing adolescent guilty parties in the criminal equity system.European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research,14(2-3), 237-247. Jehle, J., Wade, M., Elsner, B. (2008). Arraignment and redirection inside criminal equity frameworks in europe. points and structure of a near study.European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research,14(2-3), 93-99. Landau, T. (2004). Step by step instructions to place the network in network based equity: Some perspectives on members in criminal court diversion.Howard Journal of Criminal Justice,43(2), 131-148.

Similarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime

Sociological speculations of wrongdoing contain a lot of helpful data in the comprehension of criminal conduct. Sociological speculations are extremely valuable in the investigation of criminal conduct on the grounds that not at all like mental and organic hypotheses they are generally full scale level speculations which endeavor to clarify paces of wrongdoing for a gathering or a zone instead of clarifying why an individual perpetrated a wrongdoing. (Kubrin, 2012). There is anyway some smaller scale level sociological speculations of wrongdoing that endeavors to clarify the individual’s inspiration for criminal conduct (Kubrin, 2012). Of the contemporary sociological hypotheses there are three which go to the bleeding edge and which we will analyze, social clash hypothesis, social disruption hypothesis, and judicious decision hypothesis. Social Conflict Theory As the name recommends, social clash hypothesis is a contention based viewpoint. Struggle based viewpoints affirm that laws that oversee what practices are criminal and what are not originated from a contention between people with great influence and the individuals who aren’t (Kubrin, 2012). Social clash hypothesis essentially says that wrongdoing is conceived out of this contention between those that include power inside a general public and those that don’t. Those that have the force in a general public are the ones that make the laws and along these lines make laws which will profit them and forward their objectives and beliefs frequently to the detriment of those without power. It is this contention and the subsequent laws managing what is criminal and what isn't that is at last the reason for wrongdoing. Social Disorganization Theory Unlike social clash hypothesis, social complication hypothesis depends on the agreement point of view. The agreement viewpoint accepts that laws are conceived out of an accord of individuals from a general public looking for request inside that society (Kubrin, 2012). Social complication hypothesis sees wrongdoing because of a breakdown of association and culture inside a general public (Warner, 2003). This breakdown of association and culture inside a network prompts an absence of casual social control which thusly prompts higher crime percentages particularly in the adolescent populace (Simons, Simons, Burt, Brody, and Cutrona, 2005). Social confusion hypothesis states that solid degrees of association inside a network alongside a feeling of municipal pride inspire people to play a progressively dynamic job in the network subsequently going about as an impediment to wrongdoing. Reasonable Choice Theory The third of the contemporary sociological hypotheses is balanced decision hypothesis. As a conspicuous difference to social clash hypothesis and social disorder hypothesis which are full scale level speculations, balanced decision hypothesis is a smaller scale level hypothesis (Kubrin, 2012). Normal decision hypothesis centers around the individual inspiration driving criminal conduct. Explicitly the possibility that the decision to carry out criminal conduct is a decision dependent on a sort of hazard reward situation. The individual considering a criminal demonstration intentionally gauges the hazard related with the wrongdoing against the prize they remain to pick up from the wrongdoing. Similitudes and Differences Each of these three contemporary sociological speculations of wrongdoing are comparable in that they center for the most part around wrongdoing in poor or hindered zones. This center is evident with social clash hypothesis and social disruption hypothesis however not as much with discerning decision hypothesis despite the fact that it is there. With objective decision hypothesis the idea of what is to be picked up from the crime in itself suggests that the individual is in all likelihood poor or burdened here and there requiring wrongdoing to get the things they need or want. Where these hypotheses vary is their fundamental ideas of what the genuine reason for wrongdoing is. Where social clash hypothesis and social disruption hypothesis see the reasons for wrongdoing on a gathering level, balanced decision hypothesis says that wrongdoing is caused on an individual level. In like manner, on a significantly progressively principal level, social clash hypothesis and social confusion hypothesis vary in that social clash hypothesis accepts laws directing criminal conduct are shaped out of contention inside a general public where social disorder hypothesis accepts laws are framed from an agreement inside society. Ends Sociological speculations of wrongdoing are extremely valuable, particularly in the expectation and anticipation of wrongdoing. Probably the best quality is their capacity to clarify wrongdoing inside a specific gathering or network. Be that as it may, the way that the gathering or territory they frequently center around is poor or disservices is perhaps the best shortcoming. Sociological speculations neglect to represent alleged clerical wrongdoings and different sorts of violations that happen fundamentally among progressively affluent people and in increasingly wealthy neighborhoods. Similarly as with mental and natural speculations, sociological hypotheses have their qualities and shortcomings. To really comprehend the nature and reasons for wrongdoing and to have the option to forestall it will take a comprehension and mixing of a wide range of speculations.

What are the things to consider while coursework writing

What are the things to consider while coursework writing Coursework is a paper that can then be very helpful when you want to get a high grade. Because it gives a real chance to show your knowledge about the subject. Some students think that they have a lot of time to do this, but this is not true. Coursework writing is a paper that requires careful preparation. Coursework is a major component of the study that requires a lot of attention and effort to write. Students often need to submit huge amounts of pages, practice them, analyze the data and discuss it, present information and more deliver it within the deadline. Before writing, you will need to know all the requirements of your coursework paper. It helps to make the writing process more successful. You get the best results that you can demonstrate to the teacher and present in the classroom. While writing , you should take the advice of your teachers and other senior students . It helps in improve the process of working more efficiently so that you can get better results. What is Coursework Writing? Summary What is Coursework Writing?Coursework writing rulesSteps for writing a coursework• Planning• Research • Structure Planning • Writing Coursework is an academic paper that shows how a student knows and understands what they learned during the writing. It can be based on a science project or other experiments and can be include in the statistical data as per the requirements. Each paper has specific formatting and structure. Students should select a topic and thesis before writing the main section. They should also underline the main structure and only then should the material be prepare for all classes. The topics and thesis, the size of the work and the purpose of the subject and coursework can be very different. That is why students need to know their requirements, even if they have already created and read many similar letters. Coursework papers are usually also checked for plagiarism and grammatical accuracy. Coursework writing rules • You need to check what the teacher wants from you and what results you want to show him. You are able to discuss key points with your teachers until you understand them and what to do. However, be careful and do this only if you do not really have any idea about what to do. • A good topic helps you write all other sections of your paper, you should select the topic that is your interest. This is a way to quickly complete the task and it makes the process more exciting for you. • Do not copy the work of other students. You can use literature and other sources if you cite them correctly in your paper because copying other papers can be easily identified by the system to find plagiarism. •You should also use words and phrases that are common to scientific work. There are websites and other resources that you can use to check the grammatical accuracy of your papers, be sure to modify and edit your work several times before submitting. • The main sections of your work should support the thesis given in your subject and introduction. You can use several methods of presenting the data such as text, numbers, tables, graphs etc. From time to time, you will have to return to the paragraphs you have already modified and checked the mistakes. • To get the data you need to use different types of sources. Collect the information in book and web libraries, and browse specific databases. You have to cite all the sources you use in the appropriate sections of your coursework. Steps for writing a coursework • Planning Before writing coursework, you need to make a plan. You should decide the objectives, scope, and limitations of your research. A student should not wait until the last minute to start the paper. In order to complete coursework writing, the last minute crowd can make mistakes of ordinary grammar students who will affect their final grade. The time limit is normally indicated in all the research work, and a student has to understand that when the deadline is to present the first draft for comments with his teacher, along with the last time. Proper time planning will give you a lot of time to improve on the basis of the teachers comments and to make time for final editing and proofreading. • Research Many coursework writing help insists on conducting research and gathering of background data on the coursework topic. Research is about gathering significant and supporting literature from both primary and secondary sources. You will be require to collect data and know methods of data collection as a part of this step. Some coursework subjects such as sciences and geography are written based on the premises or hypotheses that are stressed as an essay’s thesis statement to offer a ground for researching. Since subjects should be backed by reliable experimental data that was obtain through rigorous scientific approaches and rational model. • Structure Planning The genuine writing of your coursework begins after gathering sufficient data that you will add in your paper. You need to write down the paper structure before writing. Because outline provides the essay instructions where students are expected to follow. A standard coursework format includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. In particular, structure planning is important for big projects, because there is a probability of having disorganized and needs to be arrange. This has a significant impact on your data analysis and presentation. • Writing Coursework writing is a sensitive part such as grammar, choice of words; punctuation marks and word boundary. Therefore, one has to perfect their writing capabilities to produce a high-quality paper based on the standard essay format. For complex projects in science, you need to be more analytical and explanatory to achieve accurate findings of data collected in your writing. In addition, you look for a quiet and conducive environment that is free from unnecessary distractions to earn the greatest concentration required for thinking and writing. Switching off the TV and logging out from all social media accounts help in reducing external distractions. If you are searching for the online coursework writing help then you can contact us anytime. Our team of experts is always available for your help. They provide a high-quality writing service at very low prices. You just need to submit your requirements with us. Our writers complete your paper according to your requirements.

The Role Of Perception Of Stress Management - 1800 Words

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Anecdotally, the conveniences of modern life that improve our physical well-being, food, medicine, environmental controls, are now largely taken for granted. Filling the void of physical vulnerability, due in part to our societies competitive nature, careerism, and information, has elevated the impact of emotional vulnerability. Not so say that physical threats do not exist, but in terms of encounters, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs comes to mind as social and security considerations lie circumstantial in achieving confidence upon accession to self-actualization. Understanding that stress isShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Change and Stress Management1301 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational change and stress management are widely accepted as two major issues in organizational life today (Vakola Nikolaou, 2005). If there is one constant in the business world, it is change (Washington Hacker, 2005). But with change, stress will normally follow. 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Relationship Between One s Biases, Frameworks, And...

During the course of the last eight weeks, our class has investigated the nature and approaches of qualitative research. Through individual study and group collaboration, we have navigated a deep topic of engagement that has shaped my perspective of future research and inquiry. Through this process I have discovered the importance of collaboration; the relationship between one’s biases, frameworks, and methodology; the importance of credibility and validity, and the nature in which one’s collaborative approach serves the investigation of the research question. Let us first examine the significance of collaboration as learned in this course. The first essential learning that occurred during the term was an understanding of the importance effective collaboration. During our time together, my SRC team, made up of Deena Stewart-Hitzke, Deon Logan, and me played a critical role toward my development as a researcher. Throughout the term, each member emerged in leadership r oles as they sensed that other members needed support and assistance. Although our team was made up of individuals who lived on both coasts, we were able to navigate our assignments by using email, conference calls, and texting to communicate during each set of weekly assignments. As a result, the team was able to provide feedback on group assignments as each member strived to help the others improve their work and understanding of the course content. This proved to be an invaluable part of the course.Show MoreRelatedLiterature Review And Hypothesis Development852 Words   |  4 Pages2. Literature Review and hypothesis development The topic of valuation of early-stage companies, patents, and technologies have been a topic of study since the late 1980’s. 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What are the risk factors associated with lower back pain amongst nurses Free Essays

string(142) " to personal and work-related characteristicscross-sectional and included a survey of ICU nursesShift patterns Manual handling Eriksen et al\." Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to review chosen literature on recognising the risks factors of lower back pain in nurses. This will then enable the author to establish what impact these implications have on nurses. Work factors was chosen as the subject to review as this was quite a problematic issue that the author found on a recent placement. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the risk factors associated with lower back pain amongst nurses? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dawidowicz (2010) defines a literature review as a â€Å"systematic examination of knowledge available from a chosen topic, including appropriate peer- reviewed sources†. Furthermore, a literature review should be a â€Å"review of what’s known, not suspected or assumed about a specific topic. Therefore, It’s goal is to complete an â€Å"accurate representation of the knowledge and re- searched based theory of the chosen topic†. Background Recent evidence and research has shown that, over recent years lower back pain has become one of the highest causes of work related illness (Beijia et al, 2005). Wolfe Pfleder (2003) therefore suggest that, this is very serious issue and a costly matter to hospitals and trusts. Bernard (1997) further goes on to say, it is shown that lower back pain and workload are related through research taken through recent years. Collins Menzel (2006) state â€Å"The Health of nurses influences not only their job satisfaction, quality of life and desire to change careers but also quality of care and patient safety†, therefore, many occupational Health teams have become aware and therefore, are now focusing on the nursing profession, as it is identified as physically and psychologically demanding. Methodology In order for the literature review to begin surrounding this subject, the author had to search databases, generating from the University of Derby, through their EBSCO database. This therefore enabled the author to search, Medline, British Nursing Index and chanhai were searched for the relevant articles. The author also searched reference lists from systemic reviews for the chosen subject. In order for the author to get the best results from the database, a technical support technician helped ensure that important literature was included in their search. The key words searched in this literature review were, â€Å"back pain†, and â€Å"work related† the author had to limit their criteria, in order for the search to work. The author decided that for particle reasons and also for up to date evidence on the subject, a timeline search was to be used, this was â€Å"1990-2011† which resulted in 792 articles being found. The literature search was still to wide with resources, therefore, results had to be narrowed down more, in order to do this the author searched using the advanced search. This was used so that the â€Å"Gender† search was male and female, â€Å"language published† was English. The author also considered the age of the participants in the search, they searched the age criteria as, 19+, middle aged and 65+. This generated 103 articles, however, the author still considered this to be to wide a search. Lastly, the subject search then included â€Å"Nurses† which then resulted in sixty -one articles being found. The author searched â€Å"all world† in order to get the best possible results from the search and to compare whether each country has the same outcome of different. The chosen articles ranged from, USA, Greece, South Korea, Canada, Netherlands and Norway. The author wanted to compare and contrast other countries aspects on the risk factors for lower back pain through the work environment. The author then read through the article titles generated from the search from reading the articles abstracts: the author the put them in order or relevance. However, from further reading, the author found most article un-relevant to the topic and, the language was not English. Therefore, the non relevant topics and, articles that did not provide the minimum information required. were then removed from the search. The author found relevant articles, however, they were not available from the university and although stated therefore, the author had to exclude this from their list. This then left thirty articles which, the author thought were expectable by reading the abstracts. From the thirty articles, 15 were actually deemed suitable from further reading of the articles. The results then left seven articles to be reviewed by the author, these were written by; Simon et al. (2006); Vieira et al. (2006); Ja June et al. (2009); Eriksen et al. (2004); Bryns et al. (2004); Alexopoulos et al. (2003). These articles have been chosen due to the fact they have been peer- reviewed and contain useful and relevant information on the subject and are ethically approved by the participants in the research. The articles ranged from credible sources, these were: International Journal of Nursing Studies; Advanced nursing practice; Journal of clinical nursing and journal of occupational and evoirmental health. The articles explore issues around Lower back injuries and pain in the working environment for nurses, including not only physical factors but, also psychophysical factors. The articles explore why risk factors are there and how in future they can be preventative through education mandatory training. Results The table (below) has been drawn up through the guidance of PRISMA (2009) to extract the useful and relevant information out of the articles. The author has chosen to present the findings in a table ,as it enables them to review, abstract and reference the appropriate and important information needed for the literature review. Table 1: results from the chosen literature Author Year originStudy Selection Age of participantsStudy CharacteristicsMethodologySummary Of Findings Simon et al. (2006)Belgium; Germany; France; Italy; The Netherlands; Poland; Slovakia21,516 24-50 To what extent physical and psychosocial risk factors are associated with back-pain-related disability in nursingCross-sectional secondary analysis of multinational dataManual handling not the cause of lower back pain problems Vieira et al. (2006)Canada47 24-36 To identify problems leading to the higher incidence rate of work-related low back injury among nurses in the orthopedic and intensive care unitHospital injuries records and questionnaireManual handling concerns: *pulling *twisting *squatting Environmental factors Ja June et al. (2009)South Korea1345 27 To examine the prevalence and treatment of low back pain and the relationship to personal and work-related characteristicscross-sectional and included a survey of ICU nursesShift patterns Manual handling Eriksen et al. (2004)Greece351 25-37 To explore work factors that predict intense lower back pain and lower back pain in relation to sick leave. Factors associated with lower back painQuestionnaire surveyHow nurses transfer patients Heavy lifting Work demands, shift changes, lack of support Bryns et al. (2004)Illinois, USA4826 21-59 Risk factors related to lower back pain in nursesSurvey, self questionnaireShift work Heavy lifting Physical workload Patient transfer Alexopoulos et al. (2003)Norway 4266 20-65 To investigate between the physical and psychos social characteristics of lower back painQuestionnaire survey at 3 month and 15 month intervalsHigh job demands Physical workload Discussion From evaluating the articles, the author found that, the most common theme for risk factors showed that, areas surrounding physical workload, work demands and nurse education and patient transfer. These were persistent and have been considered the most important areas to focus on the literature review. Physical workload There were six articles that showed the association of the risk of lower back pain through physical workload of the nurses. Vieira et al. (2006) found in his study that, by using a body part discomfort index and, Borg rating of perceived exertion, they were able to assess where the common risk factors were among the nursing staff. The study found that, the more patient transfer, lifting and pulling increased the percentage of lower back pain incidence. Nurses reported in the study that manual handling was the most stressful and energetic part of their workload, consisting of 60% of the participants complaining of back ache or pain at the end of their eight or twelve hour shift. Vieira et al (2006) studied that, most of the shifts consisted of the nurses to bend squat, lift and twist, he found this was the cause of all most cases of lower back pain. Eriksen et al. (2004) conducted a search consisting of 4266 at three months and then fifteen months later reducing to 3808 nurses. The re search showed that, nurses positioned the patients a average of five- nine times per eight hour shift. The author feels that this is a frequent occurrence throughout the studies done. Therefore, Eriksen et al (2004) also found that frequent heavy lifting was a strong association of lower back pain related sickness. In the present study, it identified the frequency of lifting, carrying, and pushing heavy objects showing a high relevance and predicted high intensity of lower back pain in the nurse’s. Bryns et al. (2004) conducted a study that showed 4826 nurses and the fear of them developing lower back pain and possible problems. It was shown that physical workload was evaluated through job category, it highlighted the importance of the different nursing roles and how much physical workload they dealt with in a twelve hour shift. The study conducted showed that again lifting and patient transfer was one of the highest risks to lower back pain. Furthermore, a point made by Bryn s et al (2004) was job location and position, which showed more strenuous patient transfer, therefore highlighting more lifting and more years working in that area, produced the highest risk factors with reported lower back pain. Ja June et al. (2009) is keen to emphasis that in their study the nurse’s were at young age resulting in the mean aged being only twenty-seven. Nevertheless, nurses in South Korea are portrayed as being healthy with little health problems or suffer with back problems (Smith et al. 2004). However, nurses were found with a high prevalence of back pain resulting from physical work demands in the shifts. A valid argument to make is that, although south Korea have the lowest age range compared to the other studies carried out, the risk factors were much the same as with older more experienced nurses. However, Simon et al (2006) comprised a search; they found that in their study, manual handling was not a major concern for the risk factor of lower back pai n. The search reported that they used a two scale â€Å"lifting and bending† score that established the percentage of nurses suffering with their back at the end of their shift, however even though the study showed a high percentage of nursing staff with lower back pain, Simon et al (2006) concluded they found no association between the two. Work environment five of the articles emphasised the work demands of the nurse’s. The studies picked up on shift patterns and co-worker support. Research by Lagerstrom et al. (1998) identifies that, shifts are risk factors for lower back pain. It’s highlighted that day shifts nurses perform more patient handling, resulting in higher physical work demands than on night shifts. This is reviewed in a study done by Ja June et al. (2009) who explains that work demands play a vital part in the exposure of risk factors of lower back pain. However, it was shown from the study that the nurses in Ja June et al (2009) study who worked night shifts, had a higher rate of lower back pain than day time nurse’s. Therefore, the association was shown to be, night work decreased sleep time and quality, and this sleep disturbance caused muscle strain. The author feels that nurse staffing levels were an important issue raised in relation to night shift, Ja June et al (2009, pp 484) state in their stu dy †Nurse staffing that is not adequate was associated with a higher back pain prevalence than perceiving staffing that was adequateâ€Å". The study showed that, night shift nurse’s had fewer numbers working compared to day shifts, resulting in more physical work demands. It has become apparent in a study by Eriksen et al (2004) that in their search that the association between night work and lower back pain were high than those who never worked a night shift. This could result in the nurses being left alone on night shifts, therefore leaving them lifting or doing heavy patient transfers alone (Eriksen et al, 2008). It was also reported by nurses in the recent study that, low co- worker support were considered to be a high risk to them, not being supported and insufficient staffing levels were a big concern. Alexopoulos et al (2003) study found the association between high job demands, low job control and lower back pain. The study showed that, nurses needed recovery time to help relieve them from the strenuous shifts, however, it was shown that this was not done and, nurses carried on to do the work of others who were on sick leave or annual leave. It was conducted that due to the hospital size, the turnover of patients were demanding, resulting in work pressure on the nurses. Ja June et al (2009) agrees with Alexopoulos et al (2003) study and cites, regardless of length of shifts and shift work demands, it identifies that, it is a risk factor for lower back pain. They further state that, this should be examined in more depth in the future to conclude how much a risk factor it really is on nurses. Nurse education and patient transfer aides The author has found from the beginning of reading the research articles, that it has become apparent the association of lower back pain and manual handling, showing nurses, did not use the manual handling equipment supplied to them. Bryns et al (2004) study acknowledges the fact that, nurses did not follow the correct safety procedures when manual handling of patients. Therefore, they decided that they would use a knowledge scale taken from the Back Prevention Agency and incorporated this into the study to understand how well the nurses understood back safety issues. The Health Belief Model states that â€Å"Nurses need the basic knowledge of back safety and, must be aware of certain risks to be able to feel venerable to risks in order to become motivated to be aware of a safer behaviour†. Bryns et al (2004) report consequently showed that from their study, 11% of the nurse’s use the manual handling aides provided for them. However, the remaining percentage used other forms of manual handling that was considered to be a risk to them. Furthermore, the study emphasised and made a point that, the nurses understood about back safety measures; however, 46% of the nurses blamed the environment for the reason of awkward space and room sizes. 56% of the nurses blamed themselves and the environment for not correctly doing manual handling. Therefore, The reason they did not follow the safety procedures were, it was quicker doing other forms of manual handling and the mechanical aides were unavailable at the time. Vieira et al (2006) study highlighted the fact that the nurses would pull the patients up the bed and do squat lifts rather than use mechanical lifting aides. In contrast, the study cited that this became a consistent problem towards lower back pain. Consequently, the study recognised that the nurses understood the importance of mechanical lifting aides, however, they did not use them throughout the study, which highlighted that they did not use t he mechanical lifting aides due to the fact it took longer to transfer the patients, despite the fact that this could reduce the risk of lower back pain or serious back problems. Conclusion To conclude on the research, the author has found strong factors that are associated with lower back pain. Due to the word count for this literature review, the author chose the relevant topics to review in order to comply with the three thousand word limit. The significant factors showed that nurses had a great physical work demands, resulting in risk factors to occur. Evidence was produced by Simon et al (2006); Vieira et al (2006); Ja June et al (2009); Eriksen et al (2004); Bryns et al (2004); Alexopoulos et al (2003) that, heavy patients and awkward positions such as squats, twists and bends, nurses got in to for patient transfer became a significant factor that should be reviewed more in hospital departments. However, this can be argued by literature produced from both Bryns et al (2004) and Vieira et al (2006) that highlights that nurses are educated and trained for the correct safety procedures, yet fail to use manual handling equipment. The author feels that, this is a major problem and, therefore concerned that, if nurses carry on to work this way, back pain will become a greater issue and may result in disability. Therefore, education and training courses should be mandatory and be assessed frequently to improve the outcome. Furthermore, the underused of requirement should be investigated more to prevent back pain. Work factors showed to be a significant risk to lower back pain. research has shown that nurses have tiring and strenuous work demands, resulting in lack of rest at the end of shifts. Research has also proven to show that shift patterns have a increasing effect on lower back pain and also co-worker support. The author feels that this should be addressed and more support put in place to support nurses on strenuous shifts in the future. How to cite What are the risk factors associated with lower back pain amongst nurses?, Essay examples

Khmer New Year free essay sample

Maha Songkran, is the name of the first day of the new year celebration. It is believed that on this day Gods angels come to earth to take care of its creation. To welcome these holy angels, every family prepares a lot of good things to welcome new god, farewell the old god. On the altar, they present 5 flower branches, 5 candles, 5 incense, 5 cereal seeds, a bowl of scented water, eatables, drinks and fruit crops. They pray for health and luck in the New Year. This is the first day of calendar procession ceremony. Major activities are bathing, dressing nice, bringing sacrifice gifts to the pagoda in good time which has been selected. Virak Wanabat is the name of the second day of the New Year celebration. People contribute charity to the less fortunate by helping the poor, servants, homeless, and low-income families. Families attend a dedication ceremony to their ancestors at the monastery. We will write a custom essay sample on Khmer New Year or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the evening of this day many Cambodians will go to the pagoda and build a mountain of sand to remember their ancestors who have passed away and have the monks give them blessings of happiness and peace. Tngai Leang Sakk is the name of the third day of the New Year celebration. Buddhists cleanse the Buddha statues and their elders with perfumed water. Bathing the Buddha images is the symbol that water will be needed for all kinds of plants and lives. It is also thought to be a kind deed that will bring longevity, good luck, happiness and prosperity in life. By bathing their grandparents and parents, children can obtain from them best wishes and good advice for the future. On New Year day, Cambodians also played our Traditional games. Chol Chhoung, a game played especially on the first nightfall of the Khmer New Year by two groups of boys and girls. Ten or 20 people comprise each group, standing in two rows opposite each other. One group throws the chhoung to the other group. When it is caught, it will be rapidly thrown back to the first group. If someone is hit by the chhoung, the whole group must dance to get the chhoung back while the other group sings to the dance. Chab Kon Kleng, A game played by imitating a hen as she protects her chicks from a crow. Participants usually appoint a strong player to play the hen who protects her chicks, while another person is picked to be the crow. While both sides sing a song of bargaining, the crow tries to catch as many chicks as possible as they hide behind the hen. Leak Kanseng, A game played by a group of people sitting in a circle. Someone holding a kanseng that is twisted into a round shape walks around the circle while singing a song. The person walking secretly tries to place the kanseng behind one of the people. If that chosen person realizes what is happening, he or she must pick up the kanseng and beat the person sitting next to him or her. Bos Angkunh, this game is played by the groups of boys and girls. The groups take the Angkunh, which are now called kery for the purpose of the game, and place three to five on the ground. These are called the planting kery. Each group then takes more of the Angkunh and throws these hitting kery at the planting kery, trying to hit them. The group that hits the least planting kerys loses, and the other team then gets to hit them on the knee with kerys. There are two ways of doing this. Bai trachheak (cold rice) means the winner puts one kery on the opponents knee and hits with another one. Bai kdav means they put two kerys together as before but harder so it makes a cracking sound. If no sound is created, the person being hit is allowed to do the same back to the person who has failed to produce the sound. In Conclusion, New Year is the most perfect time for Cambodian, it can entertain people to relax their mind from a whole year of stressful tasks. All of family’s members or relative also meet each other during this time, they can enjoy the happiest all together. The Khmer New Year is not only a great festival it is also an opportunity to pass on