Diversion In Criminal Justice System - Courts And Police Department

Question: The ending or suspension before conviction of formal criminal procedures against an individual, molded on some type of counter execution by the respondent (George, 1984). There are a few purposes behind the utilization of preoccupation: List 3 reasons with a clarification for the utilization of redirection, and talk about why it is gainful to the criminal equity framework. Likewise clarify how the utilization of preoccupation would affect law requirement. Is preoccupation financially savvy? Answer: Preoccupation in the criminal equity framework: Preoccupation is a sort of program remembered for the criminal equity framework, wherein the hoodlums acknowledge the obligation regarding the commission of wrongdoing, attempt to change the demonstrations done by them and in which a mending procedure is started in which crooks carry out to participate in return for the end of the criminal procedures against them ( Editorial: Justice framework must address itself after redirection fiasco, 2011). The point of redirection framework is to make the criminal well behaved residents and keep them from re-affronting. There are three significant explanations behind the presentation of this framework. To begin with, to occupy the adolescent wrongdoers from the criminal procedures to some great exercises of and under the network. In preoccupation, the guilty parties are locked in into some type of social help exercises with the goal that their brain can be changed from criminal purpose to an honorable goal (Jehle, J, 2008). Second, to alleviate the courts and police office from the weight of cases for frivolous offenses and to safeguard them for progressively genuine wrongdoings, where there are no different options accessible. Third, to give a wellspring of compensation to the people in question and the network and furthermore to shield the young from the shame of criminal and to understand the insignificant cases outside the courts quite far. The fundamental reason for the redirection framework is keeping away from the conventional time taking criminal procedures and settlement by outside offices in order to cause the wrongdoers to dispose of criminal allegations and criminal record. It is progressively advantageous to the criminal equity framework when contrasted with the typical procedures (Jehle, J., Wade, M., Elsner, B., 2008). The fundamental purpose for it is that the shame of the criminal record like capture, preliminary and afterward conviction can really prompt the support of the criminal exp ectation and conduct. In addition, the costs of preoccupation framework are a lot lesser than that of the customary ordinary criminal procedures and are likewise less unpredictable and with lesser conventions. It ends up being eventually increasingly compelling for the general public everywhere, in light of the fact that in certain effective cases the hoodlums get changed over to great murmur creatures, which is once in a while conceivable through discipline in normal criminal procedures. Thirdly, the guilty party builds up a propensity for doing great while finishing the state of participating in the program requested. Preoccupation helps in the law requirement in a viable and valuable manner. The guilty parties are under the management of the post trial supervisor, who screens each action of the wrongdoer and causes him to submit to law at each progression during the program (Landau, 2004). If there should arise an occurrence of disappointment of the program, overwhelming punishme nt is forced and in the event of genuine disappointment of the program, where the wrongdoer doesn't collaborate according to the contingent request, ordinary criminal procedures are started against the guilty party. Fundamentally, it tends to be said that the preoccupation framework is less perplexing, quicker and progressively successful, as it endeavors to annihilate the wrongdoing from the root, by changing the brain of the guilty party, which is the primary driver of any wrongdoing and makes sure about the eventual fate of the general public. References: Article: Justice framework must address itself after preoccupation fiasco. (2011, Dec 18).McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Jehle, J., Lewis, C., Sobota, P. (2008). Managing adolescent guilty parties in the criminal equity system.European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research,14(2-3), 237-247. Jehle, J., Wade, M., Elsner, B. (2008). Arraignment and redirection inside criminal equity frameworks in europe. points and structure of a near study.European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research,14(2-3), 93-99. Landau, T. (2004). Step by step instructions to place the network in network based equity: Some perspectives on members in criminal court diversion.Howard Journal of Criminal Justice,43(2), 131-148.

Similarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime

Sociological speculations of wrongdoing contain a lot of helpful data in the comprehension of criminal conduct. Sociological speculations are extremely valuable in the investigation of criminal conduct on the grounds that not at all like mental and organic hypotheses they are generally full scale level speculations which endeavor to clarify paces of wrongdoing for a gathering or a zone instead of clarifying why an individual perpetrated a wrongdoing. (Kubrin, 2012). There is anyway some smaller scale level sociological speculations of wrongdoing that endeavors to clarify the individual’s inspiration for criminal conduct (Kubrin, 2012). Of the contemporary sociological hypotheses there are three which go to the bleeding edge and which we will analyze, social clash hypothesis, social disruption hypothesis, and judicious decision hypothesis. Social Conflict Theory As the name recommends, social clash hypothesis is a contention based viewpoint. Struggle based viewpoints affirm that laws that oversee what practices are criminal and what are not originated from a contention between people with great influence and the individuals who aren’t (Kubrin, 2012). Social clash hypothesis essentially says that wrongdoing is conceived out of this contention between those that include power inside a general public and those that don’t. Those that have the force in a general public are the ones that make the laws and along these lines make laws which will profit them and forward their objectives and beliefs frequently to the detriment of those without power. It is this contention and the subsequent laws managing what is criminal and what isn't that is at last the reason for wrongdoing. Social Disorganization Theory Unlike social clash hypothesis, social complication hypothesis depends on the agreement point of view. The agreement viewpoint accepts that laws are conceived out of an accord of individuals from a general public looking for request inside that society (Kubrin, 2012). Social complication hypothesis sees wrongdoing because of a breakdown of association and culture inside a general public (Warner, 2003). This breakdown of association and culture inside a network prompts an absence of casual social control which thusly prompts higher crime percentages particularly in the adolescent populace (Simons, Simons, Burt, Brody, and Cutrona, 2005). Social confusion hypothesis states that solid degrees of association inside a network alongside a feeling of municipal pride inspire people to play a progressively dynamic job in the network subsequently going about as an impediment to wrongdoing. Reasonable Choice Theory The third of the contemporary sociological hypotheses is balanced decision hypothesis. As a conspicuous difference to social clash hypothesis and social disorder hypothesis which are full scale level speculations, balanced decision hypothesis is a smaller scale level hypothesis (Kubrin, 2012). Normal decision hypothesis centers around the individual inspiration driving criminal conduct. Explicitly the possibility that the decision to carry out criminal conduct is a decision dependent on a sort of hazard reward situation. The individual considering a criminal demonstration intentionally gauges the hazard related with the wrongdoing against the prize they remain to pick up from the wrongdoing. Similitudes and Differences Each of these three contemporary sociological speculations of wrongdoing are comparable in that they center for the most part around wrongdoing in poor or hindered zones. This center is evident with social clash hypothesis and social disruption hypothesis however not as much with discerning decision hypothesis despite the fact that it is there. With objective decision hypothesis the idea of what is to be picked up from the crime in itself suggests that the individual is in all likelihood poor or burdened here and there requiring wrongdoing to get the things they need or want. Where these hypotheses vary is their fundamental ideas of what the genuine reason for wrongdoing is. Where social clash hypothesis and social disruption hypothesis see the reasons for wrongdoing on a gathering level, balanced decision hypothesis says that wrongdoing is caused on an individual level. In like manner, on a significantly progressively principal level, social clash hypothesis and social confusion hypothesis vary in that social clash hypothesis accepts laws directing criminal conduct are shaped out of contention inside a general public where social disorder hypothesis accepts laws are framed from an agreement inside society. Ends Sociological speculations of wrongdoing are extremely valuable, particularly in the expectation and anticipation of wrongdoing. Probably the best quality is their capacity to clarify wrongdoing inside a specific gathering or network. Be that as it may, the way that the gathering or territory they frequently center around is poor or disservices is perhaps the best shortcoming. Sociological speculations neglect to represent alleged clerical wrongdoings and different sorts of violations that happen fundamentally among progressively affluent people and in increasingly wealthy neighborhoods. Similarly as with mental and natural speculations, sociological hypotheses have their qualities and shortcomings. To really comprehend the nature and reasons for wrongdoing and to have the option to forestall it will take a comprehension and mixing of a wide range of speculations.

What are the things to consider while coursework writing

What are the things to consider while coursework writing Coursework is a paper that can then be very helpful when you want to get a high grade. Because it gives a real chance to show your knowledge about the subject. Some students think that they have a lot of time to do this, but this is not true. Coursework writing is a paper that requires careful preparation. Coursework is a major component of the study that requires a lot of attention and effort to write. Students often need to submit huge amounts of pages, practice them, analyze the data and discuss it, present information and more deliver it within the deadline. Before writing, you will need to know all the requirements of your coursework paper. It helps to make the writing process more successful. You get the best results that you can demonstrate to the teacher and present in the classroom. While writing , you should take the advice of your teachers and other senior students . It helps in improve the process of working more efficiently so that you can get better results. What is Coursework Writing? Summary What is Coursework Writing?Coursework writing rulesSteps for writing a coursework• Planning• Research • Structure Planning • Writing Coursework is an academic paper that shows how a student knows and understands what they learned during the writing. It can be based on a science project or other experiments and can be include in the statistical data as per the requirements. Each paper has specific formatting and structure. Students should select a topic and thesis before writing the main section. They should also underline the main structure and only then should the material be prepare for all classes. The topics and thesis, the size of the work and the purpose of the subject and coursework can be very different. That is why students need to know their requirements, even if they have already created and read many similar letters. Coursework papers are usually also checked for plagiarism and grammatical accuracy. Coursework writing rules • You need to check what the teacher wants from you and what results you want to show him. You are able to discuss key points with your teachers until you understand them and what to do. However, be careful and do this only if you do not really have any idea about what to do. • A good topic helps you write all other sections of your paper, you should select the topic that is your interest. This is a way to quickly complete the task and it makes the process more exciting for you. • Do not copy the work of other students. You can use literature and other sources if you cite them correctly in your paper because copying other papers can be easily identified by the system to find plagiarism. •You should also use words and phrases that are common to scientific work. There are websites and other resources that you can use to check the grammatical accuracy of your papers, be sure to modify and edit your work several times before submitting. • The main sections of your work should support the thesis given in your subject and introduction. You can use several methods of presenting the data such as text, numbers, tables, graphs etc. From time to time, you will have to return to the paragraphs you have already modified and checked the mistakes. • To get the data you need to use different types of sources. Collect the information in book and web libraries, and browse specific databases. You have to cite all the sources you use in the appropriate sections of your coursework. Steps for writing a coursework • Planning Before writing coursework, you need to make a plan. You should decide the objectives, scope, and limitations of your research. A student should not wait until the last minute to start the paper. In order to complete coursework writing, the last minute crowd can make mistakes of ordinary grammar students who will affect their final grade. The time limit is normally indicated in all the research work, and a student has to understand that when the deadline is to present the first draft for comments with his teacher, along with the last time. Proper time planning will give you a lot of time to improve on the basis of the teachers comments and to make time for final editing and proofreading. • Research Many coursework writing help insists on conducting research and gathering of background data on the coursework topic. Research is about gathering significant and supporting literature from both primary and secondary sources. You will be require to collect data and know methods of data collection as a part of this step. Some coursework subjects such as sciences and geography are written based on the premises or hypotheses that are stressed as an essay’s thesis statement to offer a ground for researching. Since subjects should be backed by reliable experimental data that was obtain through rigorous scientific approaches and rational model. • Structure Planning The genuine writing of your coursework begins after gathering sufficient data that you will add in your paper. You need to write down the paper structure before writing. Because outline provides the essay instructions where students are expected to follow. A standard coursework format includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. In particular, structure planning is important for big projects, because there is a probability of having disorganized and needs to be arrange. This has a significant impact on your data analysis and presentation. • Writing Coursework writing is a sensitive part such as grammar, choice of words; punctuation marks and word boundary. Therefore, one has to perfect their writing capabilities to produce a high-quality paper based on the standard essay format. For complex projects in science, you need to be more analytical and explanatory to achieve accurate findings of data collected in your writing. In addition, you look for a quiet and conducive environment that is free from unnecessary distractions to earn the greatest concentration required for thinking and writing. Switching off the TV and logging out from all social media accounts help in reducing external distractions. If you are searching for the online coursework writing help then you can contact us anytime. Our team of experts is always available for your help. They provide a high-quality writing service at very low prices. You just need to submit your requirements with us. Our writers complete your paper according to your requirements.

The Role Of Perception Of Stress Management - 1800 Words

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Anecdotally, the conveniences of modern life that improve our physical well-being, food, medicine, environmental controls, are now largely taken for granted. Filling the void of physical vulnerability, due in part to our societies competitive nature, careerism, and information, has elevated the impact of emotional vulnerability. Not so say that physical threats do not exist, but in terms of encounters, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs comes to mind as social and security considerations lie circumstantial in achieving confidence upon accession to self-actualization. Understanding that stress isShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Change and Stress Management1301 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational change and stress management are widely accepted as two major issues in organizational life today (Vakola Nikolaou, 2005). If there is one constant in the business world, it is change (Washington Hacker, 2005). But with change, stress will normally follow. 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Relationship Between One s Biases, Frameworks, And...

During the course of the last eight weeks, our class has investigated the nature and approaches of qualitative research. Through individual study and group collaboration, we have navigated a deep topic of engagement that has shaped my perspective of future research and inquiry. Through this process I have discovered the importance of collaboration; the relationship between one’s biases, frameworks, and methodology; the importance of credibility and validity, and the nature in which one’s collaborative approach serves the investigation of the research question. Let us first examine the significance of collaboration as learned in this course. The first essential learning that occurred during the term was an understanding of the importance effective collaboration. During our time together, my SRC team, made up of Deena Stewart-Hitzke, Deon Logan, and me played a critical role toward my development as a researcher. Throughout the term, each member emerged in leadership r oles as they sensed that other members needed support and assistance. Although our team was made up of individuals who lived on both coasts, we were able to navigate our assignments by using email, conference calls, and texting to communicate during each set of weekly assignments. As a result, the team was able to provide feedback on group assignments as each member strived to help the others improve their work and understanding of the course content. This proved to be an invaluable part of the course.Show MoreRelatedLiterature Review And Hypothesis Development852 Words   |  4 Pages2. Literature Review and hypothesis development The topic of valuation of early-stage companies, patents, and technologies have been a topic of study since the late 1980’s. 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What are the risk factors associated with lower back pain amongst nurses Free Essays

string(142) " to personal and work-related characteristicscross-sectional and included a survey of ICU nursesShift patterns Manual handling Eriksen et al\." Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to review chosen literature on recognising the risks factors of lower back pain in nurses. This will then enable the author to establish what impact these implications have on nurses. Work factors was chosen as the subject to review as this was quite a problematic issue that the author found on a recent placement. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the risk factors associated with lower back pain amongst nurses? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dawidowicz (2010) defines a literature review as a â€Å"systematic examination of knowledge available from a chosen topic, including appropriate peer- reviewed sources†. Furthermore, a literature review should be a â€Å"review of what’s known, not suspected or assumed about a specific topic. Therefore, It’s goal is to complete an â€Å"accurate representation of the knowledge and re- searched based theory of the chosen topic†. Background Recent evidence and research has shown that, over recent years lower back pain has become one of the highest causes of work related illness (Beijia et al, 2005). Wolfe Pfleder (2003) therefore suggest that, this is very serious issue and a costly matter to hospitals and trusts. Bernard (1997) further goes on to say, it is shown that lower back pain and workload are related through research taken through recent years. Collins Menzel (2006) state â€Å"The Health of nurses influences not only their job satisfaction, quality of life and desire to change careers but also quality of care and patient safety†, therefore, many occupational Health teams have become aware and therefore, are now focusing on the nursing profession, as it is identified as physically and psychologically demanding. Methodology In order for the literature review to begin surrounding this subject, the author had to search databases, generating from the University of Derby, through their EBSCO database. This therefore enabled the author to search, Medline, British Nursing Index and chanhai were searched for the relevant articles. The author also searched reference lists from systemic reviews for the chosen subject. In order for the author to get the best results from the database, a technical support technician helped ensure that important literature was included in their search. The key words searched in this literature review were, â€Å"back pain†, and â€Å"work related† the author had to limit their criteria, in order for the search to work. The author decided that for particle reasons and also for up to date evidence on the subject, a timeline search was to be used, this was â€Å"1990-2011† which resulted in 792 articles being found. The literature search was still to wide with resources, therefore, results had to be narrowed down more, in order to do this the author searched using the advanced search. This was used so that the â€Å"Gender† search was male and female, â€Å"language published† was English. The author also considered the age of the participants in the search, they searched the age criteria as, 19+, middle aged and 65+. This generated 103 articles, however, the author still considered this to be to wide a search. Lastly, the subject search then included â€Å"Nurses† which then resulted in sixty -one articles being found. The author searched â€Å"all world† in order to get the best possible results from the search and to compare whether each country has the same outcome of different. The chosen articles ranged from, USA, Greece, South Korea, Canada, Netherlands and Norway. The author wanted to compare and contrast other countries aspects on the risk factors for lower back pain through the work environment. The author then read through the article titles generated from the search from reading the articles abstracts: the author the put them in order or relevance. However, from further reading, the author found most article un-relevant to the topic and, the language was not English. Therefore, the non relevant topics and, articles that did not provide the minimum information required. were then removed from the search. The author found relevant articles, however, they were not available from the university and although stated therefore, the author had to exclude this from their list. This then left thirty articles which, the author thought were expectable by reading the abstracts. From the thirty articles, 15 were actually deemed suitable from further reading of the articles. The results then left seven articles to be reviewed by the author, these were written by; Simon et al. (2006); Vieira et al. (2006); Ja June et al. (2009); Eriksen et al. (2004); Bryns et al. (2004); Alexopoulos et al. (2003). These articles have been chosen due to the fact they have been peer- reviewed and contain useful and relevant information on the subject and are ethically approved by the participants in the research. The articles ranged from credible sources, these were: International Journal of Nursing Studies; Advanced nursing practice; Journal of clinical nursing and journal of occupational and evoirmental health. The articles explore issues around Lower back injuries and pain in the working environment for nurses, including not only physical factors but, also psychophysical factors. The articles explore why risk factors are there and how in future they can be preventative through education mandatory training. Results The table (below) has been drawn up through the guidance of PRISMA (2009) to extract the useful and relevant information out of the articles. The author has chosen to present the findings in a table ,as it enables them to review, abstract and reference the appropriate and important information needed for the literature review. Table 1: results from the chosen literature Author Year originStudy Selection Age of participantsStudy CharacteristicsMethodologySummary Of Findings Simon et al. (2006)Belgium; Germany; France; Italy; The Netherlands; Poland; Slovakia21,516 24-50 To what extent physical and psychosocial risk factors are associated with back-pain-related disability in nursingCross-sectional secondary analysis of multinational dataManual handling not the cause of lower back pain problems Vieira et al. (2006)Canada47 24-36 To identify problems leading to the higher incidence rate of work-related low back injury among nurses in the orthopedic and intensive care unitHospital injuries records and questionnaireManual handling concerns: *pulling *twisting *squatting Environmental factors Ja June et al. (2009)South Korea1345 27 To examine the prevalence and treatment of low back pain and the relationship to personal and work-related characteristicscross-sectional and included a survey of ICU nursesShift patterns Manual handling Eriksen et al. (2004)Greece351 25-37 To explore work factors that predict intense lower back pain and lower back pain in relation to sick leave. Factors associated with lower back painQuestionnaire surveyHow nurses transfer patients Heavy lifting Work demands, shift changes, lack of support Bryns et al. (2004)Illinois, USA4826 21-59 Risk factors related to lower back pain in nursesSurvey, self questionnaireShift work Heavy lifting Physical workload Patient transfer Alexopoulos et al. (2003)Norway 4266 20-65 To investigate between the physical and psychos social characteristics of lower back painQuestionnaire survey at 3 month and 15 month intervalsHigh job demands Physical workload Discussion From evaluating the articles, the author found that, the most common theme for risk factors showed that, areas surrounding physical workload, work demands and nurse education and patient transfer. These were persistent and have been considered the most important areas to focus on the literature review. Physical workload There were six articles that showed the association of the risk of lower back pain through physical workload of the nurses. Vieira et al. (2006) found in his study that, by using a body part discomfort index and, Borg rating of perceived exertion, they were able to assess where the common risk factors were among the nursing staff. The study found that, the more patient transfer, lifting and pulling increased the percentage of lower back pain incidence. Nurses reported in the study that manual handling was the most stressful and energetic part of their workload, consisting of 60% of the participants complaining of back ache or pain at the end of their eight or twelve hour shift. Vieira et al (2006) studied that, most of the shifts consisted of the nurses to bend squat, lift and twist, he found this was the cause of all most cases of lower back pain. Eriksen et al. (2004) conducted a search consisting of 4266 at three months and then fifteen months later reducing to 3808 nurses. The re search showed that, nurses positioned the patients a average of five- nine times per eight hour shift. The author feels that this is a frequent occurrence throughout the studies done. Therefore, Eriksen et al (2004) also found that frequent heavy lifting was a strong association of lower back pain related sickness. In the present study, it identified the frequency of lifting, carrying, and pushing heavy objects showing a high relevance and predicted high intensity of lower back pain in the nurse’s. Bryns et al. (2004) conducted a study that showed 4826 nurses and the fear of them developing lower back pain and possible problems. It was shown that physical workload was evaluated through job category, it highlighted the importance of the different nursing roles and how much physical workload they dealt with in a twelve hour shift. The study conducted showed that again lifting and patient transfer was one of the highest risks to lower back pain. Furthermore, a point made by Bryn s et al (2004) was job location and position, which showed more strenuous patient transfer, therefore highlighting more lifting and more years working in that area, produced the highest risk factors with reported lower back pain. Ja June et al. (2009) is keen to emphasis that in their study the nurse’s were at young age resulting in the mean aged being only twenty-seven. Nevertheless, nurses in South Korea are portrayed as being healthy with little health problems or suffer with back problems (Smith et al. 2004). However, nurses were found with a high prevalence of back pain resulting from physical work demands in the shifts. A valid argument to make is that, although south Korea have the lowest age range compared to the other studies carried out, the risk factors were much the same as with older more experienced nurses. However, Simon et al (2006) comprised a search; they found that in their study, manual handling was not a major concern for the risk factor of lower back pai n. The search reported that they used a two scale â€Å"lifting and bending† score that established the percentage of nurses suffering with their back at the end of their shift, however even though the study showed a high percentage of nursing staff with lower back pain, Simon et al (2006) concluded they found no association between the two. Work environment five of the articles emphasised the work demands of the nurse’s. The studies picked up on shift patterns and co-worker support. Research by Lagerstrom et al. (1998) identifies that, shifts are risk factors for lower back pain. It’s highlighted that day shifts nurses perform more patient handling, resulting in higher physical work demands than on night shifts. This is reviewed in a study done by Ja June et al. (2009) who explains that work demands play a vital part in the exposure of risk factors of lower back pain. However, it was shown from the study that the nurses in Ja June et al (2009) study who worked night shifts, had a higher rate of lower back pain than day time nurse’s. Therefore, the association was shown to be, night work decreased sleep time and quality, and this sleep disturbance caused muscle strain. The author feels that nurse staffing levels were an important issue raised in relation to night shift, Ja June et al (2009, pp 484) state in their stu dy †Nurse staffing that is not adequate was associated with a higher back pain prevalence than perceiving staffing that was adequateâ€Å". The study showed that, night shift nurse’s had fewer numbers working compared to day shifts, resulting in more physical work demands. It has become apparent in a study by Eriksen et al (2004) that in their search that the association between night work and lower back pain were high than those who never worked a night shift. This could result in the nurses being left alone on night shifts, therefore leaving them lifting or doing heavy patient transfers alone (Eriksen et al, 2008). It was also reported by nurses in the recent study that, low co- worker support were considered to be a high risk to them, not being supported and insufficient staffing levels were a big concern. Alexopoulos et al (2003) study found the association between high job demands, low job control and lower back pain. The study showed that, nurses needed recovery time to help relieve them from the strenuous shifts, however, it was shown that this was not done and, nurses carried on to do the work of others who were on sick leave or annual leave. It was conducted that due to the hospital size, the turnover of patients were demanding, resulting in work pressure on the nurses. Ja June et al (2009) agrees with Alexopoulos et al (2003) study and cites, regardless of length of shifts and shift work demands, it identifies that, it is a risk factor for lower back pain. They further state that, this should be examined in more depth in the future to conclude how much a risk factor it really is on nurses. Nurse education and patient transfer aides The author has found from the beginning of reading the research articles, that it has become apparent the association of lower back pain and manual handling, showing nurses, did not use the manual handling equipment supplied to them. Bryns et al (2004) study acknowledges the fact that, nurses did not follow the correct safety procedures when manual handling of patients. Therefore, they decided that they would use a knowledge scale taken from the Back Prevention Agency and incorporated this into the study to understand how well the nurses understood back safety issues. The Health Belief Model states that â€Å"Nurses need the basic knowledge of back safety and, must be aware of certain risks to be able to feel venerable to risks in order to become motivated to be aware of a safer behaviour†. Bryns et al (2004) report consequently showed that from their study, 11% of the nurse’s use the manual handling aides provided for them. However, the remaining percentage used other forms of manual handling that was considered to be a risk to them. Furthermore, the study emphasised and made a point that, the nurses understood about back safety measures; however, 46% of the nurses blamed the environment for the reason of awkward space and room sizes. 56% of the nurses blamed themselves and the environment for not correctly doing manual handling. Therefore, The reason they did not follow the safety procedures were, it was quicker doing other forms of manual handling and the mechanical aides were unavailable at the time. Vieira et al (2006) study highlighted the fact that the nurses would pull the patients up the bed and do squat lifts rather than use mechanical lifting aides. In contrast, the study cited that this became a consistent problem towards lower back pain. Consequently, the study recognised that the nurses understood the importance of mechanical lifting aides, however, they did not use them throughout the study, which highlighted that they did not use t he mechanical lifting aides due to the fact it took longer to transfer the patients, despite the fact that this could reduce the risk of lower back pain or serious back problems. Conclusion To conclude on the research, the author has found strong factors that are associated with lower back pain. Due to the word count for this literature review, the author chose the relevant topics to review in order to comply with the three thousand word limit. The significant factors showed that nurses had a great physical work demands, resulting in risk factors to occur. Evidence was produced by Simon et al (2006); Vieira et al (2006); Ja June et al (2009); Eriksen et al (2004); Bryns et al (2004); Alexopoulos et al (2003) that, heavy patients and awkward positions such as squats, twists and bends, nurses got in to for patient transfer became a significant factor that should be reviewed more in hospital departments. However, this can be argued by literature produced from both Bryns et al (2004) and Vieira et al (2006) that highlights that nurses are educated and trained for the correct safety procedures, yet fail to use manual handling equipment. The author feels that, this is a major problem and, therefore concerned that, if nurses carry on to work this way, back pain will become a greater issue and may result in disability. Therefore, education and training courses should be mandatory and be assessed frequently to improve the outcome. Furthermore, the underused of requirement should be investigated more to prevent back pain. Work factors showed to be a significant risk to lower back pain. research has shown that nurses have tiring and strenuous work demands, resulting in lack of rest at the end of shifts. Research has also proven to show that shift patterns have a increasing effect on lower back pain and also co-worker support. The author feels that this should be addressed and more support put in place to support nurses on strenuous shifts in the future. How to cite What are the risk factors associated with lower back pain amongst nurses?, Essay examples

Khmer New Year free essay sample

Maha Songkran, is the name of the first day of the new year celebration. It is believed that on this day Gods angels come to earth to take care of its creation. To welcome these holy angels, every family prepares a lot of good things to welcome new god, farewell the old god. On the altar, they present 5 flower branches, 5 candles, 5 incense, 5 cereal seeds, a bowl of scented water, eatables, drinks and fruit crops. They pray for health and luck in the New Year. This is the first day of calendar procession ceremony. Major activities are bathing, dressing nice, bringing sacrifice gifts to the pagoda in good time which has been selected. Virak Wanabat is the name of the second day of the New Year celebration. People contribute charity to the less fortunate by helping the poor, servants, homeless, and low-income families. Families attend a dedication ceremony to their ancestors at the monastery. We will write a custom essay sample on Khmer New Year or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the evening of this day many Cambodians will go to the pagoda and build a mountain of sand to remember their ancestors who have passed away and have the monks give them blessings of happiness and peace. Tngai Leang Sakk is the name of the third day of the New Year celebration. Buddhists cleanse the Buddha statues and their elders with perfumed water. Bathing the Buddha images is the symbol that water will be needed for all kinds of plants and lives. It is also thought to be a kind deed that will bring longevity, good luck, happiness and prosperity in life. By bathing their grandparents and parents, children can obtain from them best wishes and good advice for the future. On New Year day, Cambodians also played our Traditional games. Chol Chhoung, a game played especially on the first nightfall of the Khmer New Year by two groups of boys and girls. Ten or 20 people comprise each group, standing in two rows opposite each other. One group throws the chhoung to the other group. When it is caught, it will be rapidly thrown back to the first group. If someone is hit by the chhoung, the whole group must dance to get the chhoung back while the other group sings to the dance. Chab Kon Kleng, A game played by imitating a hen as she protects her chicks from a crow. Participants usually appoint a strong player to play the hen who protects her chicks, while another person is picked to be the crow. While both sides sing a song of bargaining, the crow tries to catch as many chicks as possible as they hide behind the hen. Leak Kanseng, A game played by a group of people sitting in a circle. Someone holding a kanseng that is twisted into a round shape walks around the circle while singing a song. The person walking secretly tries to place the kanseng behind one of the people. If that chosen person realizes what is happening, he or she must pick up the kanseng and beat the person sitting next to him or her. Bos Angkunh, this game is played by the groups of boys and girls. The groups take the Angkunh, which are now called kery for the purpose of the game, and place three to five on the ground. These are called the planting kery. Each group then takes more of the Angkunh and throws these hitting kery at the planting kery, trying to hit them. The group that hits the least planting kerys loses, and the other team then gets to hit them on the knee with kerys. There are two ways of doing this. Bai trachheak (cold rice) means the winner puts one kery on the opponents knee and hits with another one. Bai kdav means they put two kerys together as before but harder so it makes a cracking sound. If no sound is created, the person being hit is allowed to do the same back to the person who has failed to produce the sound. In Conclusion, New Year is the most perfect time for Cambodian, it can entertain people to relax their mind from a whole year of stressful tasks. All of family’s members or relative also meet each other during this time, they can enjoy the happiest all together. The Khmer New Year is not only a great festival it is also an opportunity to pass on

buy custom Syrian Revolution essay

buy custom Syrian Revolution essay It is unclear as to what is the cause of the ongoing Syrian protest. Some argue that is largely due to the unrest in the neighboring Arab world that caught on in Syria. Others claim that the protests began after children in Daraa, a Syrian city, endured torture after reportedly writing anti- It is unclear as to what is the cause of the ongoing Syrian protest. Some argue that is largely due government slogans on the walls of buildings. Protests officially began on February 26, 2011 to present day. It is clear that the protests are not about economic hardships, as protests are countrywide, and transcend any religious, economic, or political difference. Many of the protesters allude to dignity and freedom as their main cause of revolt. It is mindful to observe that the government has been paranoid to the royalties of the subjects (Kamrava 290). They also point out to their cause being a direct result of the corruption that inflicts their nation, as well as a host of other injustices. Th ey believe that the Security Services rule should end and that the Army should fight to protect the citizen's interests, and not of the regime. Others point out that the revolution started in Damascus, when a local shopkeeper endured a beating by a traffic police officer, and people from shops nearby tried to defend him. As more people came to his assistance, a full on protest took place. This highlights the sentiments of many Syrians because they were to endure humiliation no more. The current president of Syria, Bashar al-Assad, ascended into the presidency after his father, Hafez al-Assad, died in the year 2000. The country hopeful that Bashar would address many of the pertinent issues the country experienced. However, despite his ascendancy, many issues remain unsolved. Syria has very low unemployment rates among youth, in comparison to the older citizens (Allain 142). The protests started out unusually small, with many citizens in fear of retaliation by the ruling government. However, Syrians have undergone what many refer to as the breaking the wall of fear. They say that their hearts would not let them sit whilst the government had its way. They overcame the fear that was in their bodies, and chose to follow the feelings that were in their hearts. The Syrian government did not stand and watch. They have disrupted every single protest that has taken place, despite the fact that theyare peaceful. The government comes under intense criticism for unashamedly firing at unarmed protesters. The latest report of violence took place in Homs, where the army opened fire at protesting citizens, killing 55 in the process. A mass funeral took place in Khalidiya, a district in Homs, where most of the killing took place. Most estimates of the current death toll differ in the actual number. Some estimates point out to 10,000 deaths, whilst point to as many as 40,000. What is clear is that the number of people dead is immense. At its lowest, these figures represent 3 times over the number of people who died because of the September 9/11 attacks (Gad 200). Other similar reports highlight the various injustices by the Syrian government. An estimate has it that 500 children have died due to military intervention, with a further 600 currently in Sy rian prisons across the nation. One can only guess what happens in these penitentiaries, with reports claiming torture and human rights violations. One cannot overlook the importance of Hafez al-Assads rule of Syria as having a direct impact on the current state of things. Hafez took control of Syria in 1973 when he was then minister for defense. Initially, Hafez was exceedingly popular for his contribution to the growth of Syria. He was responsible for the introduction of the Syrian constitution and his foreign policies that opened the country up as a trade destination. This move is noted to have increased foreign interrelations with a view of achieving total control of resources such as the oil-region, Kirkuk (Norwegian Refugee CouncilandGlobal IDP Project 171). He is also responsible for many infrastructural initiatives countrywide, like the construction of Thawra dam. After a failed assassination against him, things took a turn for the worse. He is solely responsible for the Tamdor massacre that occurred a day after an attempt on his life. Tamdor prison housed many of Hafezs political enemies. As a show of might, and as a warning to others, his soldiers opened fire at close to 1000 inmates at the prison, killing them. However, he is most popular for his involvement in the Hama massacre, 1982. At the time, the town of Hama housed a rebel group of Sunni Muslims who firmly objected to Hafezs regime. Several insurgents had attacked Hafezs defense forces and killed them. As a result, Hafez, through his brother Rifaat, laidd a siege on the town. Thousands died in the battle, with estimates of 20,000 deaths (Kamrava, 409). This killing alludes to the fact that Bashar is continuing in his fathers legacy of killing anyone that dares defy his government. However, one could point out that Hafez was reacting to actual violence against his government, whilst B ashar kills innocent citizens. A counter argument is that Syrians are fighting because of the disparity in wealth allocation in the country. Reports indicate that 70% of the countrys GDP goes to only 30% of the population. Army and Alawite high-ranking officers are some of the wealthiest in the country. This gives them control of the government and, by extension, the economy. In addition, the Syrian government controls all imports and exports, wholesale and retail trade, operates monopolies, and owns all insurance companies and banks. Therefore, one can deduce that Syrians are also protesting because the rich keep getting richer, while the poor suffer. The rich-poor divide widens in Syria, with many Syrians unable to meet their monthly costs. The bulk of the money earned in Syria goes to extremely few pockets, and the few control most of the crucial facets of the country. Support for Assad and his Regime Contrary to all popular belief, a YouGovSiraj poll in Syria found that 55% of Syrians support the Assad regime in fear of a civil war. They believe that if the protests continue, they could spark a civil war that would lead to carnage, and a retrogression of the economy. However, Assads regime has grown to become unpopular. Experts cite his inability to organize the masses effectively to account for his lack in popular legitimacy (Kamrava 12). Further to this, others believe that Assads actions are justified because citizens should follow the rule of law, and should not be reckless. They believe the protestors are simply lawless, and that they seek to undermine the authority of leaders. In addition, they believe that Assad is under attack because he hails from a minority tribe. They believe this does not err well with the population who believe that the president must hail from a majority tribe, which will truly reflect the people. However, Assad would rule for yet thirty years before his death in June 2001. His son, Bashar Assad succeeded him (Allain 217). Buy custom Syrian Revolution essay

What Was the Open Door Policy in China

What Was the Open Door Policy in China SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Looking to learn more about the Open Door Policy? The Open Door Policy was an important policy that affected Asian, European, and US trade for decades and even contributed to the Japanese/American conflict in WWII. What was the Open Door Policy definition? Why and when was the Open Door Policy created? What are the impacts of it? We answer all those questions and more in these open door notes. What Was the Open Door Policy? A brief Open Door Policy definition: The Open Door Policy was a trade agreement between the United States, China, Japan, and several European countries. US Secretary of State John Hay created the Open Door Policy in 1899/1900 in order to allow the US, Japan, and select European countries equal trade access to China, a country that previously had no trade agreements. The Open Door Policy lasted nearly 50 years, until the communist party’s 1949 victory in China’s civil war. In the rest of the guide, we’ll dive deeper into the specifics of the Open Door Policy. We’ll discuss why the Open Door Policy was created, how it was established and maintained, and what its impacts were. Why Was the Open Door Policy Created? Simply put, the United States was worried it was going to lose trading access with China, and it wanted a policy in place to protect its ability to continue trading with the Chinese.In this section, we’ll look more closely as to why the US cared so much about trading with China, and why there were worried their access would be cut off. The Open Door Policy was created during the Age of Imperialism, a period during the late 19th century and early 20th century when European powers, as well as countries like the US and Japan, were attempting to expand their global power through colonialism and territory expansion. China was particularly seen as a lucrative prize, so multiple countries built a large presence there, and they began setting up trading stations and deploying troops to different regions of the country in order to have the best access to China’s trade. The United States got into this game a little late. It wasn’t until after the Spanish American War ended in 1898 that the US began to take a deep interest in China. At the end of the war, the US ended up with a large amount of land in Asia, primarily the Philippine Islands. This newly-acquired land caused the US to look more closely at China, and they saw that trading with China could earn them a lot of money. However, multiple other countries had already realized this and had established large spheres of influence in China. European powers such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Belgium had well established colonies and influence in Asia and Africa. Japan was also exerting significant power in China. During the first Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), Japan and China fought for control of Korea. After Japan won the war, it sharply increased its power in both Korea and China. The US’s sphere of influence in China was not nearly as well-established as those of the other foreign powers there, and US President McKinley worried that the other foreign powers would limit the US’s ability to trade with China and potentially block the US from trading with China at all. How Was the Open Door Policy Implemented? In 1898, US President William McKinley announced his desire for a policy that would allow countries equal access to trade with China. In effect, there’d be an â€Å"open door† to Chinese trade, and one country couldn’t close the door to another country.President McKinley was concerned the US would be forced out of the Chinese trade by Japan and other European countries, and he wanted a policy that explicitly protected the US’s right to continue trading with China. As a result, in 1899, US Secretary of State John Hay began circulating diplomatic notes among the major world powers (Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia) at the time to get the Open Door Policy formally approved. Because of his work doing this, Hay is often seen as the author of the Open Door Policy. Hay’s diplomatic notes proposed that all countries should have equal trading access to the entirety of China and those foreign countries must allow Chinese officials to regulate the trade and collect taxes from it.The purpose of Hay’s notes was to grant all the major powers equal access to Chinese trade and reduce the influence of countries that already had an especially large hold in China (such as Japan and Russia) so they couldn’t force other countries (particularly the United States) out of the Chinese market. None of the countries Hay spoke with formally agreed to the Open Door Policy. However, none explicitly opposed it, and the European countries unofficially supported the plan, so Hay announced that an agreement had been reached, and the Open Door Policy became the de facto trade policy in China. In 1921/1922, after challenges to the Open Door Policy by Chinese nationalists as well as Japan (discussed more in the next section), the US attempted to make the Open Door Policy official at the Washington Naval Conference. During the war between China and Japan that began in 1937, the US continued to strenuously support the Open Door Policy and increased embargoes on many commodities to Japan as a result of Japan not following the policy. The Open Door Policy remained in effect until Japan’s defeat in WWII in 1945 and the end of the Chinese civil war in 1949. After these events China began to be recognized as a sovereign state with control over its own trade agreements. What Were the Effects of the Open Door Policy? What did the Open Door Policy do? The Open Door Policy was an important agreement that reflected the imperialist attitude of many global powers at the time and those countries’ intense desire to expand their global reach. The Open Door Policy had three main impacts. Increased Chinese Backlash Against Foreigners The creation of the Open Door Policy increased foreign influence in China, which led to a rise in anti-foreign and anti-colonial sentiment in the country.The backlash against foreigners led to widespread killings of missionaries working in China and an increase in nationalist feelings among the Chinese.The Boxer Rebellion was one of the most important events caused by this anti-foreign movement. The Boxer Rebellion started in 1899, when a Chinese group known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (known as â€Å"Boxers† to the English) initiated an uprising against foreign influence.The US, Japan, and several European countries fought back and eventually defeated the Boxers in 1901. Even after the rebellion ended, foreign soldiers continued killing and looting in many villages. The Boxer Rebellion weakened the power of the Chinese ruling dynasty and contributed to the end of Europeans’ attempts to colonize China. Chinese and American Conflict With Japan Even though Japan did not reject the Open Door Policy when it was created, the country challenged and openly violated the policy multiple times, which led to conflict with China and the US.Japan first violated the Open Door Policy when it presented its Twenty-One Demands to China in 1915. During WWI, Japan sent the list to China demanding an expansion of Japanese control in the Chinese region of Manchuria, as well as significantly increased control of the Chinese economy. Japan gained little from the Twenty-One Demands, but sending them caused a deterioration in Japan’s relationship with the US and Great Britain, who resented the challenge to the Open Door Policy.In response to the Twenty-One Demands, China, the United States, Belgium, France, the UK, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal attended the Washington Naval Conference in 1922 and signed the Nine-Power Treaty which officially affirmed the Open Door Policy and the sovereignty of China. However, in 1931, Japan violated both the Nine-Power Treaty and the Open Door Policy when they invaded Manchuria, an event known as the Mukden Incident.The Mukden Incident led to Japan establishing a puppet government in Manchuria, becoming diplomatically isolated as other countries condemned its actions, and withdrawing from the League of Nations.The Mukden Incident also led to the second Sino-Japanese War between Japan and China, which lasted from 1937 to 1945. It was the largest Asian war of the 20th century. The US allied with China in the war and strenuously supported the Open Door Policy by increasing embargoes on exports of key commodities to Japan. These embargoes led to heightened tensions between Japan and the US and were one of the causes of Japan bombing Pearl Harbor in 1941 and going to war with the US in WWII. Increased US Interest in East Asia The Open Door Policy was one of the first major steps the US took to expand their influence in East Asia, and it was one of their most important footholds in the area.Once the US realized how lucrative trading with China could be, they pushed hard for the Open Door Policy, which would give them secure access to Chinese trade and expand their influence in the area. This increased influence in East Asia was lucrative for the US, but it also caused them to be drawn into conflicts in the region, such as the Boxer Rebellion and conflicts between Japan and China. The increased American influence in the area and its involvement in the area’s conflicts also led to rising tensions with Japan, which culminated with the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Summary: Open Door Notes What was the Open Door Policy definition? The Open Door Policy was a policy between China, the US, Japan, and several European powers that stated each of those countries should have equal access to Chinese trade.It was created in 1899 by US Secretary of State John Hay and lasted until 1949, when the Chinese civil war ended. Why was the Open Door Policy created? The US had recently gained a foothold in East Asia, and they were afraid they’d be forced out of the Chinese market by countries who had been there longer than them, so they created the policy to ensure they wouldn’t lose their ability to trade with China. Why was the Open Door Policy created? The US had recently gained a foothold in East Asia, and they were afraid they’d be forced out of the Chinese market by countries who had been there longer than them, so they created the policy to ensure they wouldn’t lose their ability to trade with China. What were the impacts of the Open Door Policy? The Open Door Policy’s impacts lasted for decades, and it had three major impacts: Increased Chinese backlash against foreigners Chinese and American conflict with Japan Increased US interest in East Asia What's Next? Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about?Our guide to research paper topicshas over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you. Learning about natural logs?We've compiled all the main natural log rules to make it easy for you to learn and understand them. Have trouble understanding what dynamic equilibrium is?We break this sometimes tricky concept down so it's easy to understand in our complete guide to dynamic equilibrium.

US History--The US Constitution finely crafted blueprint or unwieldy Essay

US History--The US Constitution finely crafted blueprint or unwieldy compromise - Essay Example The Congress is the legislative branch, the President heads the executive and the judiciary comprises the judicial branch. The US Constitution implements the separation of powers; thereby preventing concentration of power in any particular branch of government. These three branches depend upon each other, for their functioning; and prevent any particular branch from becoming more powerful than the others (U.S.COURTS n.d.). George Washington organized a convention in Philadelphia, in order to draft the Constitution. However, disagreements between the members resulted in a stalemate. At that juncture, Roger Sherman proposed the Great Compromise, whereby, Congress was to comprise of two houses, namely the Senate and the House of Representatives. There was to be equal representation in the Senate for all the states, with two Senators from each state; and the state legislature was to select their representatives. This proposal was accepted by all the states; and representation in the House of Representatives was to be decided on the basis of the population in each state. It was proposed that there would be a representative for every thirty thousand individuals, which was favorable for the states with a large population. This Constitutional Convention was ratified by the delegates in July 1787 (The Great Compromise n.d.). While some of the delegates opposed slavery, others were greatly in its favor. This resulted in a compromise, and such compromises promoted experimentation in self government, which exists even today (Rediscovering George Washington. The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise 2002). However, most of the thirteen larger states were desirous of retaining their power, including their power to impose taxes to raise state funds. Moreover, there was no national conscience among the people at that time, who favored their own states and ignored the nation as a whole. This absence of national spirit

Opinion on 2 Students Discussion Board Response Assignment

Opinion on 2 Students Discussion Board Response - Assignment Example Overall, the responses identified that teaching strategies would effectively address the need to develop study skills, depending on what is required by different subjects. The responses that were provided were clearly and accurately structured in a straightforward and effective manner. All the concerns were answered through the support of valid concepts about learning styles, study skills, and through the provision of comparative analysis of subjects, as required. One definitely agrees with all the responses made, especially in terms of establishing that knowledge of learning styles would enable content teachers to design appropriate learning materials which would be consistent with the learning styles and distinct academic needs of the students. A rundown of the learning styles were likewise presented to confirm understanding of the concept. The comparative analysis of subjects and the respective instructional strategies was likewise presented in a clear manner and effectively linked to appropriate study skills deemed crucial to enhance the potentials to

Objectives Of File Management Systems Information Technology Essay

Objectives Of File Management Systems Information Technology Essay In linux everything is treated as a file. A user frequently interacts with files directly or indirectly. They need perform various operations such as create, edit, delete etc on the files. To perform these activities, operating systems provide file management systems. The services required by file management system are provided by operating system. File management system is a collection of software that provides services to application and users. It facilitates the communication between user application and files. This relieves user from developing the software for each application. Objectives of File Management systems: Guarantees data in the file is valid Optimizes performance in terms of throughput response time Provide I/O support for storage device type Provide I/O support for multiple users Meet user requirements for data operations [1] FILE System architecture: Figure 1: File System Architecture. [1] As depicted in the figure the device drivers interacts with the peripherals. The function of device driver is to start the I/O operation complete the request. These device drivers are considered as a part of operating system. Above the device drivers there which is also called as physical I/O. Main function of file system is to deal with the is basic file system data from disk systems place them on secondary storage. Also it manages buffering of these blocks on to the main memory. It doesnt care about data inside the file. The next level is Basic I/O supervisor. The function of this layer is I/O initiation termination. At this level control structures deals with file status, scheduling, I/O. The device on which file I/O is to be performed selected by I/O supervisor based on particular file selected. Logical I/O enables users application to accept records. The logical I/O module deals with file Records. Logical I/O maintains basic data about the files. Access system is the file system closest to the user. The main function is to provide interface between file system applications. File Management Functions: Figure 2: File Management Functions [1] Application programs Users interact with the file system to create and delete files and for performing operations on files. File system first identify and locate the selected file before performing any operation. Directories are used to describe location of all files their attributes. Most shared systems implements access control policies. Only authorized users can have access to particular files. The basic operations that a user or application may perform on a file are performed at the record level. The file is viewed by user as structure of records. Access methods are used to map user commands into specific file manipulation commands. I/O operation is done on block basis. The records are organized as a blocks of output. In order to perform the operation files must be allocated to free blocks on the secondary storage. Also free storage must be managed so as to know what blocks are available for new files and growth in existing files. File Organization: Several criteria affect the selection of file organization. Some of these factors can be listed as follows. The suitability depends on the application which will be using the file. Economy of Storage Short Access time Reliability Simple maintenance [1] Original file system: Physical disk in Linux is divided into logical disks. It is called as partitions. Each partition is treated as a standalone file system. Each device is assigned with major device number and the partitions are assigned with minor device number. The device driver refers to these numbers to access raw file system. Major number acts like a index to switch table minor number will recognize specific instance of device. [3] Physical location of file data block: Placing the data blocks in a contiguous manner will improve the performance but will lead to inefficiencies in allocating space. User may need to specify the file of size at the time of creation. Linux file system allocates block one at a time from pool of free blocks[3]. File blocks are scattered randomly on physical disk. Inodes: inode contains key information related to files required by the OS. A single inode may point to several file names but the active inode is associated only with one file. Inode stores attributes, permissions other control information related to the file. The information contained in the inode is  ¬Ã‚ le ownership indication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ File type à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ File access permissions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time of last access, and modi ¬Ã‚ cation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Number of links (aliases) to the  ¬Ã‚ le à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pointers to the data blocks for the  ¬Ã‚ le à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Size of the  ¬Ã‚ le in bytes (for regular  ¬Ã‚ les), major and minor device numbers for special Device [3] Figure 3: Inode structure [4] Inodes has pointers to data block. Each inodes contain 15 pointers. First 12 pointers will point directly to data blocks. 13th pointer will point to indirect data block.14th pointer points to doubly indirect data block. Similarly, 15th pointer will point to triply indirect block. Advantages: 1] Very little space wasted. A disk can be filled completely. 2] Indirect block points many data blocks so larger files can be efficiently accessed. 3] Simultaneous operations can be performed. One read operation fetches the inode another will fetch first data block. Disadvantages: 1] may lead to poor performance Directories: Directory provides information about file location, file ownership its attributes. A directory is itself a file which is accessible to file management routines. The Directory structure can be shown as below Figure 4: Linux Directory Structure [5] As shown in the figure linux organizes directories in hierarchical fashion. The root lies at the top of the tree and it is denoted by /.Every directory in the linux system is under root directory. The various directories under root directory are Boot : The information required for booting is stored in this directory. This may consist of files used by LILO, Bootstrap loader. This is the place for kernel image. etc: configuration files of machine installed software are stored here dev: device files for devices such as disk drives, serial ports are stored here. Usr : it consists of all man pages, games, commands, static files for normal operations. Sbin :It consists of system admin commands. Home: This is the place where user will keep his own files. It contains users home directory for each user on the system. Root: This is the home directory for root user. File sharing: To share files a special group is created for the set of users who intend to use that files. Directory is created with ownership of that group. The permissions are set such that all users within the group can create files. We can also set group ID so that all the files created in it will automatically have group ownership its parent directory has. Access control in linux: Terms related to ACL A] User class: There are mainly three user classes owner, owning group other users. To allow permission three bits read(r), write (w) and execute (x) can be set. B] Access ACL: It determines group user access permissions for file objects. C] Default ACL: These can be only applied to directories. It decides permissions for file object when it is created. D] ACL entry: ACL is a set of ACL entries. An ACL entry contains a type (see Table B.1 on the following page), a qualifier for the user or group to which the entry refers, and a set of permissions There are 3 basic sets associated with linux file object. These sets are used to grant permissions read(r), write(w), execute(x) for 3 user groups, file owner others. We can also set group id, user set id for special cases. Access control list (ACL) allow the assignment of permissions to individual users or groups even if these do not correspond to the owner or the owning group [6] There are mainly two categories of ACL namely minimum ACL extended ACL. Minimum ACL only consists of entries for owning group, owner other which are associated with conventional permission bits for files directories. Extended ACL has mask entry entries for named group named user types. ADD NFS, VFS. Linux virtual file system: Figure 5: Virtual file system Figure 6: Linux virtual file system concept [1] In linux file management is done with the help of Virtual file system (VFS).T o user process it appears as a single, uniform file system interface.VFS treats files as a objects stored in mass storage area. Files can be identified by their symbolic names. A file has a attribute such as access protection, ownership etc. A mapping is required by file system to map real file system characteristics into Virtual file system characteristics. User process issues a file system call using VFS.VFS converts this call into kernel file system call which is then passed to mapping function for particular file system. Sometimes mapping function may result into complex operations. In many cases directories are not files, VFS may need to convert file corresponding to some directories. The original user file system call is translated into native call to the target file system. The requested function on a file or directory is performed by invoked file system software. The results of the operation are routed back to the user in a similar manner. As VFS is object oriented they are imlemented as a data structures using C,C++.Object consists of pointers which points to the file system functions.These funtions will operate on data. The four objects are Superblock object: Represents a specific mounted file system Inode object: Represents a specific file Dentry object: Represents a specific directory entry File object: Represents an open file associated with a process Third Extended (EXT3) File System: Journaling: EXT3 is third extended file system. It is journaling extension to EXT2.It is 100% compatible with all utilities designed for ext2 file system.Ext3 shares ext2s well-known robustness, but also adds extra features such as extended attributes, H tree.[7] The journaling approach used in EXT3 will greatly reduce the time spent for recovering file system after system crash. This will help to minimize system restart time file system inconsistencies after unclean shutdown. After rebooting a system mount program first checks the Journal. If it finds ay unchecked changes, it applies the changes to the file system. Thus we can say mount program provides consistency to the system. The mount program takes care of all the consistency the system doesnt need to check the consistency hence the computers using journaling are available within short duration after reboot.[8]. Ext3 allocated area called as journal in which it records the changes made to files directories ahead of time. If the system is crashed the recovery simply involves reading the journal from file system replaying the changes. [9] Journaling modes in EXT3 : The classification is made based on the fact that whether journaling makes log changes only to metadata or to all file system. There are three journaling modes Journal: It will record both metadata file system data changes. In this mode there is lowest chance of risk. This journaling mode minimizes the chance of losing the changes that have been made to any file in an ext3 file system. [10]It is the slowest mode. The risk associated with it is lowest. Ordered: It will record the metadata but not the file contents. It is the default ext3 journaling mode. In this mode there is possibility that one may end up with the file in the intermediate stage. The risk associated with this mode is at medium level. Writeback: In this mode only metadata is journaled file contents are not[11]. It allows showing up old data into the file after a crash. It ensures that on reboot all garbage due to unwritten data be zeroed out. Major Advantages of ext3: Data Integrity: If there is any unclean, improper system shutdown ext3 guarantees data integrity. We can set the level of protection. It prevents the writing of garbage data to the disk after a crash. Generally we keep the data consistent with state of file system.[10] Availability: The amount of time system will take to check the consistency after unclean shutdown depends on the size of file system. Larger the file system larger the time. Ext3 will not require such consistency check .recovery time in ext3 does not depend on the file system size or the number of files. It depends on size of journal. So there is faster availability. It only takes few seconds to recover Easy Transition: we can easily make transformation from ext2 to ext3 without reformatting. We can add journal to ext2 with the help of tune2fs program. Speed: though ext3 writes data more than once its faster than ext2. This is because journaling increases speed of head motion of hard drive. Because of its broad cross-platform compatibility it can be used on both 32 bit 64 bit architecture. As there is no need of any core kernel changes ext3 requires no new system calls.

Balanced Scorecard Essay

1. State your organization’s supply chain strategy, e.g., â€Å"to provide customerwith high level of service while contributing to corporate profitability.† The company’s supply chain strategy is â€Å"to meet customer needs and advance our technology leadership while creating value for our customers at large. â€Å" 2. Provide one or two goals for each of the four balanced scorecard categories (customer, financial, internal, learning and growth.) 3. Provide at least one performance measure to match each of your goals Please refer to the following 2 pages. Operate IFS(Integrated Finance System) in efficient and effective way to conduct serial training and guarantee most of staff members trained and aware how to use it and benefit from it. Percentage of training records 95% yearly Financial & HR to contact an IFS user survey quarterly and increase the users satisfaction survey rating Percentage of increasing comparing with last quarter 5% quarterly Financial & HR Learning & Growth Recruit, develop and retain valuable staff to hunt abundant qualified candidates for interview and recruitment in order to meet the needs of functional departments. Percentage of completing recruitment 95% quarterly HR to review most of staff’s performance and compare their salaries to benchmark in the market and make a adjustment or explanation Percentage of completing adjustment/explanation 98% yearly HR Transfer knowledge of network security to conduct serial training and guarantee most of staff members aware it. Percentage of new employees completing security awareness training 95% yearly Security & HR to conduct an exam related to the concerning issues to network security. Percentage of employees who pass the exam. 95% yearly Security & HR

The Challenges of Managing Communication, Leadership and Decision Making Free Essay Example, 1500 words

It is quite essential to state that according to Manz and Neck (1997) the self-managing teams threatens effective group decision making (18). Policies reflect management thinking on basic matters and inform those interested in the activities of the company about the company's intentions regarding them. The role of managers is to level possible disagreements and create a positive climate and atmosphere. In the hospitality sector, cohesive groups and self-managing teams create tension and pressure which has a negative impact on critical analysis and decision-making process. The challenge of management is to restructure (if necessary) self-managing teams and introduce new methods and forms of communication between teams members. Cohesiveness is more likely when members of a team are to gather for a reasonable length of time, and changes occur only slowly. Strict guidelines and rules established by a manager will help to avoid conflict situations and the turnover of members (Bardi 2002 .). Low morale and a negative attitude are often associated with a large number of team members undertaking similar work. This requires realistic planning by which the degree and quality of goal achievement can be determined (Davidson 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on The Challenges of Managing Communication, Leadership and Decision Making or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In this case, communication and leadership are the main tools used by management to eliminate cultural differences and tension (Beardwell et al 2001).

Homosexuality Is An Unnatural Phenomenon Essay - 3087 Words

When God created the universe, He didn’t create half things. He created everything of two species working and nating in harmony to produce for the purpose of continuity. The flowers should be heterogeneous as well as the trees. The animals wouldn’t exist if there is no heterogeneity and the same rules are applied on us as men and women. To God’s rules no half should exist. There is a day and night but nothing in between; there is existence or no existence but nothing in between. There should be warm cloud and cold cloud to produce rain but nothing in between. Anything that is in between is violating God’s rules, the law of nature. Homosexuality is an unnatural phenomenon that doesn’t guarantee the universe existence. It’s a virus that threatens the future generations. Homosexuality is threat to the humanity, it is a way to deliver diseases, mental health problems and not a way to deliver and raise healthy children. Okay, so now that we have something to work with, let s take a look at homosexuality act and discover the different negative impact that have on human’s life and the continuity of his life. First of all, Sexual relationships between members of the same sex however, expose gays, lesbians, and bisexuals to extreme risks of sexually transmitted disease such as human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a collection of more than seventy types of viruses that can cause warts, or papilloma, on various parts of the body. More than twenty types of HPV are incurableShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality Is A Form Of Emotional, Romantic, And Sexual Attraction858 Words   |  4 PagesAs one of the many sexual orientations, homosexuality is a form of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction that is primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex. 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